Integrated hydroponics systems with anaerobic supernatant and aquaculture effluent in desert regions: Nutrient recovery and benefit analysis

Hydroponics is a resource-efficient system that increases food production and enhances the overall sustainability of agricultural systems, particularly in arid zones with prevalent water scarcity and limited areas of arable land. This study investigated zero-waste hydroponics systems fed by agricultural waste streams as nutrient sources under desert conditions. Three pilot-scale systems were tested and compared.